A quantitative search for life in the solar system beyond Mars.

Several bodies in the outer solar system are likely to have water oceans beneath their surface, and in two cases (Europa and Enceladus), the evidence is very strong. Indeed, the plume of gas and solids coming from Enceladus has been analyzed and indicates a subsurface ocean that could sustain life. Europa’s ocean is less well known but that will hopefully change with the Europa Clipper and JUICE missions to the Galilean moons at the end of the decade. In this talk I will explain how and when one would obtain quantitative information on the biological potential and existence of life within these  and other oceans of the outer solar system.